Now however let us introduce the element of a tool.

Let us put into this man's hands a long stick which he can use to knock berries down off the bushes to the ground, where he can scoop them up in handfuls.

Now the man is able to obtain three quarts of berries per hour, meaning that if he now spends six hours per day hunting berries, he will be able to obtain eighteen quarts per day instead of the six quarts he could collect without the tool.

Alternately, he could choose to instead spend only two hours per day collecting his six quarts of berries, and have the other four remaining hours free to spend in other pursuits, such as hunting firewood, building or improving his shelter, or in devising yet another tool.

It is in this way that tools multiply our productive capacity.

But where do tools come from?  Why do some men continue to live even today, in very primitive situations with virtually no tools, while other men have structure civilizations and economies predominantly on tools?

In other words, if tools increase our productive capacity, what are the factors that lead to the development of tools?

Le us go back to the example of the primitive human.

As long as this individual was satisfied with the quatity of berries he could obtain using only the human energy of his fingers picking the berries, he would continue to employ this means.

When however he is no longer satisfied with this economic standard of six quarts of berries in a six-hour day, he will seek to improve upon it.